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Pregnancy and birth complications are frequently treated as one variable, despite evidence that pregnancy events and birth events may have different impacts on the developing child. This paper studies the association between perinatal events and the development of violent and property crime. In the context of a prospective study of a sample of 216 subjects drawn from a Danish birth cohort, 15 violent criminals and 24 property criminals were compared with 177 nonoffenders on pregnancy and delivery events. Delivery events predicted adult violent offending, especially in high‐risk subjects and recidivistically violent offenders. No other significant predictive results were found.

This paper is written in response to the Walters and white (1989) review article "Heredity and Crime: Bad Genes or Bad Research?" Walters and white's criticisms are often global statements of disapproval or name‐calling rather than useful, analytic statements. Unfortunately, when they become specific, they are usually in error.

1 Introduction -- I Criminal Behavior -- 2 Delinquency in Two Birth Cohorts -- 3 Offending from 10 to 25 Years of Age -- 4 Genetic Influence in Criminal Behavior: Evidence from an Adoption Cohort -- 5 Social Class and Crime: Genetics and Environment -- 6 School and Family Origins of Delinquency: Comparisons by Sex -- 7 A Psychosocial Approach to Recidivism -- 8 Testing a General Theory of Deviant Behavior in Longitudinal Perspective -- 9 Delinquency among Metropolitan Boys: A Progress Report -- 10 Hyperactive Boys and Their Brothers at 21: Predictors of Aggressive and Antisocial Outcome -- II Violence and Psychopathy -- 11 Criminal Violence in a Birth Cohort -- 12 Criminal History of the Male Psychopath: Some Preliminary Data -- 13 Testosterone in the Development of Aggressive Antisocial Behavior in Adolescents -- 14 Violent Crime in a Birth Cohort: Copenhagen 1953–1977 -- 15 A Longitudinal Study of Aggression and Antisocial Behavior -- 16 Aggression and Criminality in a Longitudinal Perspective -- 17 Linear Causal Modeling of Adaptation and Criminal History in Sexual Offenses -- III Noncriminal Aggressive Behavior -- 18 Early Life Experiences that Relate to Later Aggression by Women -- 19 Familial Characteristics of Adolescents Vulnerable to Subsequent Antisocial Disorders -- Author Index -- Contributing Authors.

I Introduction: Longitudinal Research and Intervention -- 1 Problems with Traditional Strategies in Mental Health Research -- II Methodological Bases of Longitudinal Research: Design and Planning -- 2 Some Problems of Longitudinal Research in the Social Sciences -- 3 Epidemiological Considerations -- 4 Issues in Psychological Development -- III Methodological Bases of Longitudinal Research: Tools -- 5 Disease Registers -- 6 Genetics and Classification -- 7 Statistical Models for Longitudinal Studies -- 8 Biological Measurements in Longitudinal Research -- IV Examples of Longitudinal Research: Birth, School, and Clinical Cohorts -- 9 A Prospective Longitudinal Study of the Relationship between Obstetrical Factors and CNS Damage -- 10 Twelve-Year Follow-Up Status of Low Birthweight Infants -- 11 The Value of Birth Cohort Studies -- 12 Sequential Research with Special References to the Scandinavian Project Metropolitan -- 13 Some Methodology and Strategy Problems in Longitudinal Research -- 14 Psychiatric Epidemiological Studies in Iceland -- V Examples of Longitudinal Research: Populations at Risk -- 15 Children of Schizophrenic Mothers: The Danish High-Risk Study -- 16 The Mauritius Project -- VI Longitudinal Research: Implications and Recommendations -- 17 Longitudinal Research in the WHO European Region Program -- 18 The Contribution of Long-Term Research to Social Medicine -- 19 Some Recommendations for the Design and Conduct of Longitudinal Investigations -- References -- List of Contributors.

This study examines the criminal arrest records of a Danish birth cohort of 28,884 men to test the hypothesis that specialization exists for violent offending. Property offending is included for comparison. Specialization in violence is found to exist for offenders with more than three arrests, and specialization in property offending, for offenders with fewer than four arrests. Knowledge of past violent offending is discussed as a potentially valuable part of the predictive equation of future violence.

AbstractGene‐environment interactions are important for the development of much human behavior. We examined the possibility that a genetic propensity to criminal behavior interacts with the type of environment in which an individual is raised. Using a cohort of adoptees, we found evidence for independent contributions of biological parent criminality (genetic influence) and urban environment rearing to prediction of adoptee criminality, but no evidence for a gene‐environment interaction involving these factors.